Fig. 1

3D scanning of Tamaki Shrine in Nara, Japan, by using a digital camera and a UAV

Fig. 2

Transparent visualization of festival float, Hachiman-yama, in the Gion Festival in Kyoto, Japan

Fig. 3

Experiment demonstrating noise transparentization (1): Artificially added intense random noise disappears rapidly as the number of point subgroups, L, increases

Fig. 4

Experiment demonstrating noise transparentization (2): Unprocessed 3D scanned data of the forest in the Fujimori Shrine, Kyoto, Japan are used

Fig. 5

Borobudur Temple in Indonesia

Fig. 6

Principle of digital archiving and visualization of Borobudur Temple

Fig. 7

Camera positions used for photogrammetric scanning

Fig. 8

Relief exposed to the exterior at the southeast corner of the hidden base (Karmavibhangga)

Fig. 9

Edge-highlighting visualization of a wall relief depicting an ancient ship

Fig. 10

Cross-sectional drawing of the underground foundation construction area (based on 2D CAD data)[19]

Fig. 11

Transparent fused visualization of the four embankment layers in the underground foundation construction area

Fig. 12

Karmavibhangga reliefs on the first stratum above ground which are made visible for visitors

Fig. 13

3D restoration of hidden wall reliefs from old photographs

Fig. 14

Transparent visualization of the entire Borobudur Temple: multi-data-source visualization executed by integrating the temple surface, underground foundation construction area, and hidden wall reliefs

Fig. 15

VR system of the Borobudur Temple using the integrated point cloud of the entire temple