老旧教学楼火灾场景人员疏散仿真研究

doi:10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.23-0546

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高老旧教学楼火灾场景下人员应急疏散能力，建立一个老旧教学楼火灾人员疏散模型。运用PyroSim软件建立火灾扩散模型，模拟分析该教学楼在机械排烟、自动喷淋和着火房间窗户是否开启的情况下，发生火灾时着火楼层安全出口处的烟气能见度、温度和CO的变化规律；结合Pathfinder软件对出口状态、人员疏散进行模拟仿真，得到人员全部疏散完成时所需安全疏散时间。实验结果表明：老旧教学楼无喷淋时人员疏散效率降低12.1%，无机械排烟时人员疏散处于危险状态，多设出口对提升人员疏散效率影响较小。

关键词: 老旧教学楼, PyroSim火灾模拟, Pathfinder疏散模拟, 疏散效率, 安全性分析

Abstract:

In order to improve the emergency evacuation capability of an old school building under fire scenarios, a fire evacuation model of an old school building is developed. The PyroSim software is used to build a fire dispersion model to simulate and analyse the changes of smoke visibility, temperature and CO at the safety exit of the fire floor in the school building under the condition of mechanical smoke exhaust, automatic sprinkler and whether the windows of the fire room are open or not. The simulation of the exit status and evacuation of people has been carried out in conjunction with Pathfinder software to obtain the required safe evacuation time when all the people are evacuated. The case study shows that the evacuation efficiency of the old school building is reduced by 12.1% without sprinklers, and the evacuation of people is in a dangerous state without mechanical smoke extraction, having more exits has less impact on improving the efficiency of evacuating people.

Key words: old school building, PyroSim fire simulation, Pathfinder evacuation simulation, evacuation efficiency, safety analysis

中图分类号:

TP391.9

朱前坤,李继武,杜永峰 . 老旧教学楼火灾场景人员疏散仿真研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2024, 36(9): 2043-2053.

Zhu Qiankun,Li Jiwu,Du Yongfeng . Simulation Study of Personnel Evacuation in Fire Scenarios of Old School Buildings[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2024, 36(9): 2043-2053.

图/表 13

图1

图2

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表2

图8

图9

表3

表4

参考文献 20

1	王芳, 何胜学, 向乐佳. 突发事件下高层建筑楼梯疏散最佳策略分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2014, 24(7): 88-92.
	Wang Fang, He Shengxue, Xiang Lejia. Optimal Strategy for High-rise Building Evacuation with Stairs Under Emergency[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2014, 24(7): 88-92.
2	张慧, 祁海鹰, 吕子安, 等. 通风量对火灾烟气中CO₂和CO释放的影响[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 44(8): 1087-1091.
	Zhang Hui, Qi Haiying, Zian Lü, et al. Influence of Ventilation on the Release of CO₂ and CO in Fire Smoke[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2004, 44(8): 1087-1091.
3	袁书生, 张健. 多室内固体可燃物火灾烟气运动的大涡模拟[J]. 工程力学, 2010, 27(11): 204-212.
	Yuan Shusheng, Zhang Jian. Large Eddy Simulation of the Fire Smoke Flow Induced by Solid Combustibles in a Multi-room[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2010, 27(11): 204-212.
4	褚燕燕, 张辉, 杨锐, 等. 基于火源和疏散信息的建筑火灾烟气控制策略模拟[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 50(8): 1158-1162.
	Chu Yanyan, Zhang Hui, Yang Rui, et al. Simulation of Smoke Control Strategy for Building Fire Based on Fire Source and Evacuation Information[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2010, 50(8): 1158-1162.
5	张红虎, 邓茜芮, 刘斌, 等. 剧场观众厅火灾烟气运动特性的仿真分析[J]. 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 48(12): 72-81.
	Zhang Honghu, Deng Xirui, Liu Bin, et al. Simulation Analysis on Motion Characteristics of Fire Smoke in Audience Hall of Theaters[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition), 2020, 48(12): 72-81.
6	Helbing Dirk, Buzna Lubos, Johansson Anders, et al. Self-organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics: Experiments, Simulations, and Design Solutions[J]. Transportation Science, 2005, 39(1): 1-24.
7	Zheng Ying, Jia Bin, Li Xingang, et al. Evacuation Dynamics with Fire Spreading Based on Cellular Automaton[J]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2011, 390(18/19): 3147-3156.
8	Yong Han Jeon, Yoon Kim Jong. Fire and Evacuation Analysis in Environmental Energy Facilities[J]. Fire Science and Engineering, 2019, 33(3): 84-90.
9	Cao Lijun, Lin Jing, Li Nan. A Virtual Reality Based Study of Indoor Fire Evacuation After Active or Passive Spatial Exploration[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2019, 90: 37-45.
10	Sharma Jivitesh, Per Arne Andersen, Ole Christoffer Granmo, et al. Deep Q-learning with Q-matrix Transfer Learning for Novel Fire Evacuation Environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2021, 51(12): 7363-7381.
11	Kodur V K R, Venkatachari S, Naser M Z. Egress Parameters Influencing Emergency Evacuation in High-rise Buildings[J]. Fire Technology, 2020, 56(5): 2035-2057.
12	李月, 郭仁拥, 陈亮, 等. 穿越瓶颈的双向行人流微观建模及仿真[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2018, 30(4): 1245-1252, 1259.
	Li Yue, Guo Renyong, Chen Liang, et al. Micro Modeling and Simulation of Bi-directional Pedestrian Flows Crossing Bottleneck[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2018, 30(4): 1245-1252, 1259.
13	Cheng C P, Chen Keyu, Peter Kok Yiu Wong, et al. Graph-based Network Generation and CCTV Processing Techniques for Fire Evacuation[J]. Building Research & Information, 2021, 49(2): 179-196.
14	李珊珊, 钱大琳, 王九州. 考虑行人减速避让的改进社会力模型[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2012, 42(3): 623-628.
	Li Shanshan, Qian Dalin, Wang Jiuzhou. Improved Social Force Model Considering Pedestrian Deceleration to Avoid Collision[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2012, 42(3): 623-628.
15	叶继红, 潘俊山. 基于BIM和元胞自动机的建筑火灾救援路径动态规划研究[J]. 土木工程学报, 2020, 53(8): 1-8.
	Ye Jihong, Pan Junshan. Real-time Path Planning for Safe Rescue in Building Fire Based on BIM and Cellular Automata[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2020, 53(8): 1-8.
16	张学锋, 白晨曦. 双层教学楼人员疏散仿真研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2017, 29(5): 1070-1076.
	Zhang Xuefeng, Bai Chenxi. Study of Crowd Evacuation in Two-story Teaching Building[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2017, 29(5): 1070-1076.
17	张丽杰, 刘建昌, 谭树彬. 复杂建筑火灾中的人员疏散路径多目标规划[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 41(6): 761-766.
	Zhang Lijie, Liu Jianchang, Tan Shubin. Multi-objective Planning of Personnel Evacuation Route in Complex Building Fire[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2020, 41(6): 761-766.
18	刘毅, 沈斐敏. 考虑灾害实时扩散的室内火灾疏散路径选择模型[J]. 控制与决策, 2018, 33(9): 1598-1604.
	Liu Yi, Shen Feimin. Route Selection Model in Indoor Evacuation Under Real Effect of Fire Spread[J]. Control and Decision, 2018, 33(9): 1598-1604.
19	邹馨捷, 萨木哈尔·波拉提, 郝明, 等. 基于Pyrosim和Pathfinder的高校学生宿舍火灾人员疏散安全性模拟分析[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2020, 27(4): 195-200.
	Zou Xinjie, Bolati Samuhaer, Hao Ming, et al. Personnel Evacuation Safety Simulation Analysis of College Student Dormitory Fire Based on Pyrosim and Pathfinder[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2020, 27(4): 195-200.
20	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 建筑防烟排烟系统技术标准: [S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2017.
	Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Technical standard for Building Smoke Prevention and Exhaust Systems: [S]. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2017.

火灾场景	火源位置	单位面积热释放/(kW/m²)	着火房间窗户开启状态	机械排烟开启状态	自动喷淋灭火系统开启状态
A1	1F中部门卫值班室	4 000	否	否	否
A2	1F中部门卫值班室	4 000	否	否	是
B1	1F东侧楼梯间拐角	6 000	否	否	否
B2	1F东侧楼梯间拐角	6 000	否	是	否
C1	3F中部教研休息室	4 000	否	否	否
C2	3F中部教研休息室	4 000	是	否	否

指标	A1	A2	B1	B2	C1	C2
能见度	320.4	400	410.2	无	260.2	390.4
温度	290.1	380	无	无	530.5	无
CO浓度	340.2	330.1	无	无	无	无

火灾场景	t₃/s	t_RSE/s	t_ASE/s	安全性
A1	359.8	422.2	290.1	危险
A2			330.1	危险
B1			410.2	危险
B2			/	安全
C1			260.2	危险
C2			390.4	危险

[1]	黄涛, 张智, 丁玉杰, 陈艳波, 王晶, 张文倩. 考虑动态频率安全与N-k故障的鲁棒应急调度方法[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 2981-2993.
[2]	张润昭, 陈艳波, 黄涛, 田昊欣, 强涂奔, 张智. 基于异构负荷特征解析预测的虚拟电厂调度方法[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 2994-3006.
[3]	于祥星, 赵艳东, 张宝琳. 基于电涡流NES的海上风机塔架振动控制[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3007-3017.
[4]	李斌, 王于绰. 基于多策略融合的光伏系统故障诊断方法[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3018-3032.
[5]	李孝斌, 胡冰, 尹超, 李波, 马军. 基于时空图卷积的汽车配件供应链需求预测与仿真分析[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3060-3074.
[6]	彭艺, 雷云揆, 杨青青, 李辉, 王健明. 改进PID搜索算法的山地环境无人机路径规划[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3075-3086.
[7]	陈逸, 邱思航, 朱正秋, 季雅泰, 赵勇, 鞠儒生. 基于启发式的人-大模型协作寻源方法[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3112-3127.
[8]	索婧怡, 卢柏宏, 屈澈. 影视LED光源光强分布测定及其在游戏引擎中的仿真研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3140-3151.
[9]	龚建兴, 胡海, 任海慧, 吴瑞祥. 面向虚实结合的军事训练系统互操作模型与运用[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3161-3175.
[10]	徐智霞, 王蕊, 孙楠, 何兵, 沈晓卫, 朱晓菲. 基于改进遗传算法的协同干扰资源分配问题研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3176-3189.
[11]	刘翔, 金乾坤. 基于PAC-Bayes的多目标强化学习A2C算法研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(12): 3212-3223.
[12]	杨兰英, 李超, 邹海锋, 万江涛, 张仁强, 刘惠, 卢宏. 基于改进蚁群算法与A*算法相融合的机器人路径规划优化[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(11): 2956-2965.
[13]	苏筱婷, 张小威, 田义, 李奇, 王帅豪. 星光导航动态仿真场景时序设计方法研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(11): 2946-2955.
[14]	张志利, 刘瑾, 周召发, 梁哲, 张云昊. 基于ISCSO-BP神经网络模型的光纤陀螺温度补偿技术研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(11): 2904-2917.
[15]	陈际同, 周佳加, 吴迪, 江海龙. 基于TD3-RRT的特殊环境下USV路径规划算法研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2025, 37(11): 2888-2903.